Why photorespiration does not take
Question: Why photorespiration does not take place in C4 plants? Solution: Photorespiration does not occur in C4 plants because they increase the concentration of carbon dioxide at the enzyme site by a mechanism. This happens when the C4 acid from the mesophyll is broken down in the bundle sheath cells to release Carbon dioxide which further results in the increasing the intracellular of carbon dioxide. The high carbon dioxide concentration in the plants makes all Rubisco bind to carbon dioxide ...
Read More →Why is Rubisco enzyme the most abundant
Question: Why is Rubisco enzyme the most abundant enzyme in the world? Solution: The enzyme catalyzes during the Calvin cycle to transform carbon dioxide into sugar. From cyanobacteria to the floors of large trees; literally, Rubisco is present all over the place. All carbon in the biosphere can be said to be derived from Rubisco carbon fixation. Therefore it is considered as the worlds largest enzyme....
Read More →Evaluate the following integrals:
Question: Evaluate the following integrals: $\int \frac{\sin 2 x}{a^{2}+b^{2} \sin ^{2} x} d x$ Solution: Assume $a^{2}+b^{2} \sin ^{2} x=t$ $d\left(a^{2}+b^{2} \sin ^{2} x\right)=d t$ $2 b^{2} \cdot \sin x \cdot \cos x \cdot d x=d t$ $(2 \sin x \cdot \cos x=\sin 2 x)$ $\sin 2 x d x=\frac{d t}{b^{2}}$ Put $\mathrm{t}$ and $\mathrm{dt}$ in the given equation we get $\Rightarrow \frac{1}{\mathrm{~b}^{2}} \int \frac{\mathrm{dt}}{\mathrm{t}}$ $=\frac{1}{\mathrm{~b}^{2}} \ln |\mathrm{t}|+\mathrm{c}$ ...
Read More →Name the two important enzymes of the C4 pathway,
Question: Name the two important enzymes of the C4 pathway, and explain their role in fixing CO2? Solution: Rubisco and PEP case are the two important enzymes of C3 and C4 pathways. Rubisco is the primary CO2receiver in C3 facilities while PEP case is the main CO2receiver for C4 facilities. The important enzyme of the C3 pathway is RUBisCO and C4 is PEPcase. In the Calvin cycle, carboxylation is the most crucial step. Carbon dioxide is utilized for the carboxylation of RuBP. This is catalyzed by...
Read More →Differentiate
Question: Differentiate $\frac{e^{x}}{(1+x)}$ Solution: To find: Differentiation of $\frac{e^{x}}{(1+x)}$ Formula used: (i) $\left(\frac{u}{v}\right)^{\prime}=\frac{u^{\prime} v-u v^{\prime}}{v^{2}}$ where $v \neq 0$ (Quotient rule) (ii) $\frac{d e^{x}}{d x}=e^{x}$ Let us take $u=e^{x}$ and $v=(1+x)$ $u^{\prime}=\frac{d u}{d x}=\frac{d\left(e^{x}\right)}{d x}=e^{x}$ $v^{\prime}=\frac{d v}{d x}=\frac{d(1+x)}{d x}=1$ Putting the above obtained values in the formula:- $\left(\frac{u}{v}\right)^{\pr...
Read More →What special anatomical features are displayed
Question: What special anatomical features are displayed by leaves of C4 plants? How do they provide an advantage over the structure of C3 plants? Solution: The vascular bundles in leaves contain a sheath of large cells. In particular, chloroplast impregnates several layers of cells around the bundle cell. These cell thick walls cannot be exchanged for gasses. The sheath is without intercellular space. C4 plants over C4 plants are securely fastened with the bundle sheath. It helps to increase th...
Read More →Why is the Rubisco enzyme more appropriately called
Question: Why is the Rubisco enzyme more appropriately called RUBP Carboxylase-Oxygenase and what important role does it play in photosynthesis? Solution: It acts as both carboxylase and oxygenase, so it is referred to as RUBP carboxylaseOxygenase. Rubisco binds CO2to 3PGA in C3 plants. In C3 plants, Rubisco is binding with O2in a process known photorespiration to generate phosphoglycerate and phosphoglycerate. Photo vacuum reduces carbon attachment in C3 plants....
Read More →Evaluate the following integrals:
Question: Evaluate the following integrals: $\int \frac{1+\tan x}{x+\log x \sec x} d x$ Solution: Assume $x+\log x \sec x=t$ $d(x+\log x \sec x)=d t$ $1+\frac{\sec x \tan x}{\sec x} d x=d t$ $(1+\tan x) d x=d t$ Put $\mathrm{t}$ and $\mathrm{dt}$ in given equation we get $\Rightarrow \int \frac{\mathrm{d} t}{t}$ $=\ln |t|+c$ But $t=x+\log x \sec x$ $=\ln |x+\log x \sec x|+c$...
Read More →List the important events and
Question: List the important events and end products of the light reaction? Solution: Water division: sunlight energy is used to divide the water molecule into hydrogen ion and NADP+to NADPH is used for the extra electron released after the split. Oxygen release: after the division of the water molecule oxygen discharges into the stomach. High-energy intermediate formation (ATP and NADPH): two energy-rich combinations ATP and NADPH are formed at the end of an electricity reaction....
Read More →Evaluate the following integrals:
Question: Evaluate the following integrals: $\int \frac{1-\sin 2 x}{x+\cos ^{2} x} d x$ Solution: Assume $x+\cos ^{2} x=t$ $d\left(x+\cos ^{2} x\right)=d t$ $(1+(-2 \cos x \cdot \sin x)) d x=d t$ $2 \sin x \cdot \cos x=\sin 2 x$ $(1-\sin 2 x) d x=d t$\ Put $t$ and $d t$ in given equation we get $\Rightarrow \int \frac{\mathrm{dt}}{\mathrm{t}}$ $=\ln |\mathrm{t}|+\mathrm{c}$ But $t=x+\cos ^{2} x$ $=\ln \left|x+\cos ^{2} x\right|+c$...
Read More →Under what conditions are C4 plants
Question: Under what conditions are C4 plants superior to C3? Solution: C4 plants are superior to C3 due to the following conditions (a) They have a characteristic leaf anatomy (b) They withstand higher temperatures. (c) They show response to high light intensities (d) They have greater productivity of biomass...
Read More →What can we conclude from the statement that the action
Question: What can we conclude from the statement that the action and absorption spectrum of photosynthesis overlap? At which wavelength do they show peaks? Solution: In the blue and region there is maximum absorption by the chlorophyll and also shows a higher rate of photosynthesis. Thus we can say that the chief pigment associated with photosynthesis is chlorophyll a. The diagram peak is of 400nm wavelength which is equal to blue and peaks again between 600 and 700nm which is of red. Therefore...
Read More →Which property of the pigment is responsible
Question: Which property of the pigment is responsible for its ability to initiate the process of photosynthesis? Why is the rate of photosynthesis higher in the red and blue regions of the spectrum of light? Solution: The most abundant pigment in plants is chlorophyll a. This pigment demonstrates the optimal efficiency between blue and red-light wavelengths. Pigments are capable of absorbing light with a certain wavelength so they absorb various colours of light. Pigments show optimal efficienc...
Read More →Evaluate the following integrals:
Question: Evaluate the following integrals: $\int \frac{10 x^{9}+10^{x} \log _{e} 10}{10^{x}+x^{10}} d x$ Solution: Assume $10^{x}+x^{10}=t$ $d\left(10^{x}+x^{10}\right)=d t$ $a^{x}=\log _{e} a$ $\Rightarrow 10 x^{9}+10^{x} \log _{e} 10=d t$ Put $t$ and $d t$ in given equation we get $\Rightarrow \int \frac{d t}{t}$ $=\ln |t|+c$ But $\mathrm{t}=10^{x}+x^{10}$ $=\ln \left|10^{x}+x^{10}\right|+c$...
Read More →The entire process of photosynthesis consists of a number of reactions.
Question: The entire process of photosynthesis consists of a number of reactions. Where in the cell does each of these take place? a. Synthesis of ATP NADPH __________________________ b. Photolysis of water __________________________ c. Fixation of CO2 __________________________ d. Synthesis of sugar molecule __________________________ e. Synthesis of starch __________________________ Solution: (a) Outer side of thylakoid membrane (b) Inner side of thylakoid membrane (c) Stroma of chloroplast (d...
Read More →Is it correct to say that photosynthesis occurs
Question: Is it correct to say that photosynthesis occurs only in leaves of a plant? Besides leaves, what are the other parts that may be capable of carrying out photosynthesis? Justify. Solution: Any part of the plant which has green in colour can photosynthesize. So the statement is wrong. Examples include Chlorophyll roots of Trap and Timisoara and photosynthesis. The stem is changed into a fleshy green structure in Opuntia and the leaves are altered in spines to reduce transpiration. Photosy...
Read More →Suppose Euphorbia and Maize are grown
Question: Suppose Euphorbia and Maize are grown in the tropical area. a. Which one of them do you think will be able to survive under such conditions? b. Which one of them is more efficient in terms of photosynthetic activity? c. What difference do you think are there in their leaf anatomy? Solution: a. Euphorbia is a CAM plant and maize is a C4 plant. Both can survive in tropical areas. b. Maize due to the C4 plant c. Leaves of maize plant show Kranz anatomy which is absent in Euphorbia plant....
Read More →A cyclic process is occurring in a C3 plant,
Question: A cyclic process is occurring in a C3 plant, which is light-dependent and needs O2. This process doesnt produce energy rather it consumes energy. a. Can you name the given process? b. Is it essential for survival? c. What are the end products of this process? d. Where does it occur? Solution: (a) Photorespiration (b) It is not essential for survival. (c) Hydrogen peroxide (d) It occurs in chloroplast, mitochondria and peroxisome....
Read More →Differentiate
Question: Differentiate $\frac{\log x}{x}$ Solution: To find: Differentiation of $\frac{\log x}{x}$ Formula used: (i) $\left(\frac{u}{v}\right)^{\prime}=\frac{u^{\prime} v-u v^{\prime}}{v^{2}}$ where $v \neq 0$ (Quotient rule) (ii) $\frac{d \log x}{d x}=\frac{1}{x}$ Let us take u = logx and v = x $u^{\prime}=\frac{d u}{d x}=\frac{d(\log x)}{d x}=\frac{1}{x}$ $v^{\prime}=\frac{d v}{d x}=\frac{d(x)}{d x}=1$ Putting the above obtained values in the formula:- $\left(\frac{u}{v}\right)^{\prime}=\frac...
Read More →Why do we believe chloroplast and mitochondria
Question: Why do we believe chloroplast and mitochondria to be semi-autonomous organelle? Solution: Extra genomic DNA is present in the chloroplast and mitochondria. This enhances the replication of these organelles. Thus believed that chloroplast and mitochondria as semi-autonomous....
Read More →Evaluate the following integrals:
Question: Evaluate the following integrals: $\int \frac{\operatorname{cosec}^{2} x}{1+\cot x} d x$ Solution: Assume $1+\cot x=t$ $\mathrm{d}(1+\cot x)=\mathrm{dt}$ $\Rightarrow \operatorname{cosec}^{2} x=d t$ Put $t$ and $d t$ in given equation we get $\Rightarrow \int \frac{d t}{t}$ $=\ln |t|+c$ But $t=1+\cot x$ $=\ln |1+\cot x|+c$...
Read More →Tomatoes, carrots and chillies are red due to the presence
Question: Tomatoes, carrots and chillies are red due to the presence of one pigment. Name the pigment. Is it a photosynthetic pigment? Solution: Tomatoes, carrots and chillies are red due to the presence of carotene pigment. It is an accessory photosynthetic pigment....
Read More →In a way, green plants and cyanobacteria
Question: In a way, green plants and cyanobacteria have synthesized all the food on the earth. Comment. Solution: Cyanobacteria are unicellular prokaryotic organisms. They have photosynthetic pigments like chlorophyll ac, phycocyanin and phycoerythrin. These enable them to produce food by themselves. Green plants are multicellular organisms capable of making food by using carbon dioxide, water and light energy. Therefore the bacteria and green plants make food for living organisms on earth....
Read More →In what kind of plants do you come across ‘Kranz’ anatomy?
Question: In what kind of plants do you come across Kranz anatomy? To which conditions are those plants better adapted? How are these plants better adapted than the plants which lack this anatomy? Solution: C4-plants, such as maize, sugar cane etc. are found in Kranz anatomy. These plants are also suitable for a limited nitrogen and carbon dioxide supply....
Read More →Differentiate
Question: Differentiate $\frac{2^{x}}{x}$ Solution: To find: Differentiation of $\frac{2^{x}}{x}$ Formula used: (i) $\left(\frac{u}{v}\right)^{\prime}=\frac{u^{\prime} v-u v^{\prime}}{v^{2}}$ where $v \neq 0$ (Quotient rule) (ii) $\frac{d a^{x}}{d x}=a^{x} \log a$ Let us take $u=2^{x}$ and $v=x$ $u^{\prime}=\frac{d u}{d x}=\frac{d\left(2^{x}\right)}{d x}=2^{x} \log 2$ $v^{\prime}=\frac{d v}{d x}=\frac{d(x)}{d x}=1$ Putting the above obtained values in the formula: $\left(\frac{\mathrm{u}}{\mathr...
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