Aquatic animals generally are ammonotelic
Question: Aquatic animals generally are ammonotelic in nature whereas terrestrial forms are not. Comment. Solution: Organisms which generally excrete ammonia as nitrogenous wastes are said to be ammonotelic in nature. Excretion of urea requires a large amount of water which can only be provided by aquatic animals while on the other hand, terrestrial animals cannot afford to lose so much water. The terrestrial mammals or even amphibians mainly excrete nitrogenous wastes in form of urea and hence ...
Read More →What is the role played by Renin-Angiotensin
Question: What is the role played by Renin-Angiotensin in the regulation of kidney function? Solution: When there is a fall in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), they activate the JG cells to release renin which gets converted to angiotensinogen in the blood to angiotensin I and further to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a powerful vasoconstrictor that increases GFR. Angiotensin II is also responsible for activating the adrenal cortex to release Aldosterone which causes reabsorption of Na+ and ...
Read More →Fill in the blanks appropriately Organ Excretory wastes
Question: Fill in the blanks appropriately Organ Excretory wastes a. Kidneys ______________________ b. Lungs ______________________ c. Liver ______________________ d. Skin ______________________ Solution: (a) Kidneys Urea, uric acid, ammonia (based on organisms but usually urea like in human beings) (b) Lungs CO2 and H2O (c) Liver- Bilirubin, Biliverdin, cholesterol, vitamins and other drugs (d) Skin Water, Sweat ( salt, urea, lactic acid) , Sebum (sterols, hydrocarbons etc.)...
Read More →Evaluate the following integrals:
Question: Evaluate the following integrals: $\int \sec ^{4} x \tan x d x$ Solution: Put $\tan x=t$ $d(\tan x)=d t$ $\sec ^{2} x d x=d t$ $\Rightarrow \mathrm{d} \mathrm{x}=\frac{\mathrm{dt}}{\sec ^{2} \mathrm{x}}$ We can write $\sec ^{4} x=\sec ^{2} x \cdot \sec ^{2} x$ Now , the question becomes $\Rightarrow \int \sec ^{2} x \cdot \sec ^{2} x \cdot \tan x \frac{d t}{\sec ^{2} x}$ $\Rightarrow \int \sec ^{2} x \cdot \tan x d t$ $\operatorname{Tan}^{2} x+1=\sec ^{2} x$ $\tan x=t$ $t^{2}+1=\sec ^{...
Read More →Mention the substances that exit from the tubules
Question: Mention the substances that exit from the tubules to maintain a concentration gradient in the medullary interstitium. Solution: The substances that exit from the tubules to maintain a concentration gradient in the medullary interstitium are urea and sodium chloride....
Read More →Complete the following:
Question: Complete the following: a. urinary excretion = tubular reabsorption + tubular secretion b. Dialysis fluid = Plasma Solution: a. urinary excretion = tubular reabsorption + tubular secretion Glomerular filtration. b. Dialysis fluid = Plasma nitrogenous wastes...
Read More →Sort the following into actively or passively transported substances
Question: Sort the following into actively or passively transported substances during reabsorption of GFR. glucose, amino acids, nitrogenous wastes, Na+, water Solution: Actively transported: Glucose, amino acids, Na+ Passively transported: Nitrogenous wastes and water...
Read More →What are the main processes
Question: What are the main processes of urine formation? Solution: The main processes of urine formation are Glomerular Filtration, Reabsorption and tubular secretion....
Read More →Mention any two metabolic disorders,
Question: Mention any two metabolic disorders, which can be diagnosed by analysis of urine. Solution: (a) Ketonuria (b) Glycosuria...
Read More →Evaluate the following integrals:
Question: Evaluate the following integrals: $\int \frac{1}{x^{2}} \cos ^{2}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right) d x$ Solution: Assume $\frac{1}{x}=t$ $\Rightarrow \frac{1}{\mathrm{x}^{2}} \mathrm{dx}=\mathrm{dt}$ Substituting $t$ and dt we get $\Rightarrow \int \cos ^{2} t d t$ $\therefore$ The given equation becomes, $\Rightarrow \int \frac{1-\cos 2 t}{2} \mathrm{dx}$ We know $\int \cos a x d x=\frac{1}{a} \sin a x+c$ $\Rightarrow \frac{1}{2} \int \mathrm{d} x t-\frac{1}{2} \int \cos (2 t) d t$ $\Rightarro...
Read More →Name two actively transported substances in
Question: Name two actively transported substances in Glomerular filtrate Solution: Two actively transported substances in the glomerular filtrate are amino acids and glucose....
Read More →What is the role of sebaceous glands?
Question: What is the role of sebaceous glands? Solution: Sebaceous glands are responsible to eliminate certain substances like sterols, hydrocarbons and waxes through sebum...
Read More →Evaluate the following integrals:
Question: Evaluate the following integrals: $\int \log x \frac{\sin \left\{1+(\log x)^{2}\right\}}{x} d x$ Solution: Assume $1+(\log x)^{2}=t$ $d\left(1+(\log x)^{2}\right)=d t$ $\Rightarrow \frac{2 \log x}{x} d x=d t$ $\Rightarrow \frac{\log x}{x} d x=\frac{d t}{2}$ $\Rightarrow \int \sin t \frac{d t}{2}$ $\Rightarrow \frac{1}{2} \int \sin t d t$ $\Rightarrow \frac{-1}{2} \cos t+c$ But $t=1+(\log x)^{2}$ $\Rightarrow \frac{-1}{2} \cos \left(1+\log x^{2}\right)+c$...
Read More →Differentiate Glycosuria from Ketonuria.
Question: Differentiate Glycosuria from Ketonuria. Solution: Glycosuria is the presence of glucose in urine whereas ketonuria is the presence of high amounts of ketone bodies in the urine....
Read More →The following abbreviations are used in
Question: The following abbreviations are used in the context of excretory functions, what do they stand for? a. ANF b. ADH c. GFR d. DCT Solution: (a) ANF: Atrial Natriuretic Factor (b) ADH: Anti-Diuretic Hormone: (c) GFR: Glomerular Filtration Rate: (d) DCT: Distal Convoluted Tubule...
Read More →What is the excretory structure in amoeba?
Question: What is the excretory structure in amoeba? Solution: The excretory structure in amoeba is the contractile vacuole....
Read More →Identify the glands that perform
Question: Identify the glands that perform the excretory function in prawns. Solution: The glands that perform the excretory function in prawns is the antennal glands or the green glands....
Read More →What is the composition of sweat
Question: What is the composition of sweat produced by sweat glands? Solution: The composition of sweat produced by sweat glands is lactic acid, salt, minerals and urea....
Read More →What is the excretory product
Question: What is the excretory product from kidneys of reptiles? Solution: The excretory product from kidneys of reptiles is uric acid....
Read More →Evaluate the following integrals:
Question: Evaluate the following integrals: $\int \tan x \sec ^{2} x \sqrt{1-\tan ^{2} x} d x$ Solution: Assume $1-\tan ^{2} x=t$ $d\left(1-\tan ^{2} x\right)=d t$ $2 \cdot \tan x \cdot \sec ^{2} x d x=d t$ Substituting $t$ and dt we get $\Rightarrow \Rightarrow \int \frac{1}{2} \sqrt{t} \mathrm{dt}$ $\Rightarrow \int \frac{1}{2} t^{1} / 2 \cdot d t$ $\Rightarrow \frac{4 t^{\frac{3}{2}}}{6}+c$ But $t=1-\tan ^{2} x$ $\Rightarrow \frac{-2\left(1-\tan ^{2} x\right)^{3 / 2}}{3}+c$...
Read More →Where does the selective reabsorption
Question: Where does the selective reabsorption of Glomerular filtrate take place? Solution: The selective re-absorption of glomerular filtrate takes place in the distal convolute tubule (DCT)...
Read More →Dialysing unit (artificial kidney) contains a fluid
Question: Dialysing unit (artificial kidney) contains a fluid which is almost same as plasma except that it has a. High glucose b. High urea c. No urea d. High uric acid Solution: Option (c) No urea is the answer....
Read More →We can produce a concentrated/ dilute urine.
Question: We can produce a concentrated/ dilute urine. This is facilitated by a special mechanism. Identify the mechanism. a. Reabsorption from PCT b. Reabsorption from Collecting Duct c. Reabsorption/ Secretion in DCT d. Countercurrent mechanism in Henles loop/ Vasa recta Solution: Option (d)Countercurrent mechanism in Henles loop/ Vasa recta is the answer....
Read More →Match the abnormal conditions given in Column A
Question: Match the abnormal conditions given in Column A with their explanations given in Column B and Choose the correct option Options: a. A-i, B-iii, C-ii, D-iv b. A-iii, B-ii, C-iv, D-i c. A-iv, B-iii, C-ii, D-i d. A-iv, B-ii, C-iii, D-i Solution: Option (c)A-iv, B-iii, C-ii, D-i is the answer....
Read More →Match the terms given in Column I with
Question: Match the terms given in Column I with their physiological processes given in Column II and choose the correct answer a. A-iii, B-v, C-iii, D-ii, E-i b. A-iii, B-iv, C-i, D-v, E-ii c. A-i, B-iii, C-ii, D-v, E-iv d. A-iii, B-i, C-iv, D-v, E-ii Solution: Option (b)A-iii, B-iv, C-i, D-v, E-iiis the answer....
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