Six turns of the Calvin cycle are required
Question: Six turns of the Calvin cycle are required to generate one mole of glucose. Explain. Solution: Glucose is a 6-carbon compound, so six carbon dioxide molecules are required to produce a single glucose molecule. Hence, six turns of the Calvin Cycle are required to generate one mole of glucose....
Read More →Find out how Melvin Calvin worked
Question: Find out how Melvin Calvin worked out the complete biosynthetic pathway for synthesis of sugar. Solution: The following measures were used: carbon dioxide, a radioactive isotope of carbon, was labelled C14 and was supplied to the plants for this experiment. The path C14 was then monitored and analysed. After the experiment on live plant got over, the plant was killed and the labelled compound was extracted from the dead plant and b ased on the observation in both live and dead Calvin a...
Read More →Explain how during light reaction of photosynthesis,
Question: Explain how during light reaction of photosynthesis, ATP synthesis is a chemiosmotic phenomenon. Solution: Proton pumps pump ions with a proton gradient, which is finally synthesized in ATP. Because of these factors, ATP synthesis is called a chemiosmotic phenomenon during light reaction....
Read More →Why does the rate of photosynthesis
Question: Why does the rate of photosynthesis decrease at higher temperatures? Solution: Rate of photosynthesis decreases as the temperature increases, because the enzymes will function at an optimum temperature. If it exceeds they could not function....
Read More →Evaluate the following integrals:
Question: Evaluate the following integrals: $\int \frac{1}{x \log x \log (\log x)} d x$ Solution: Assume $\log (\log x)=t$ $d(\log (\log x))=d t$ (use chain rule to differentiate first) $\Rightarrow \frac{1}{\text { xlogx }} \mathrm{dx}=\mathrm{dt}$ Put $\mathrm{t}$ and $\mathrm{dt}$ in given equation we get $\Rightarrow \int \frac{\mathrm{dt}}{\mathrm{t}}$ $=\ln |\mathrm{t}|+\mathrm{c}$ But $t=\log (\log (x))$ $=\ln |\log (\log (x))|+c$...
Read More →What conditions enable Rubisco to function
Question: What conditions enable Rubisco to function as an oxygenase? Explain the ensuing process. Solution: Rubisco is competitive to bind one of them. This means that the enzyme would be used as carboxylase in the event of a higher CO2 concentration. However, the enzyme would act as oxygenase in cases of higher concentration of O2....
Read More →Differentiate:
Question: Differentiate:. $\left(x^{3} \cos x-2^{x} \tan x\right)$ Solution: To find: Differentiation of $\left(x^{3} \cos x-2^{x} \tan x\right)$ Formula used: (i) (uv)' $=u^{\prime} v+u v^{\prime}$ (Leibnitz or product rule) (ii) $\frac{d x^{n}}{d x}=n x^{n-1}$ (iii) $\frac{d \cos x}{d x}=-\sin x$ (iv) $\frac{d a^{x}}{d x}=a^{x} \log a$ (v) $\frac{d \tan x}{d x}=\sec ^{2} x$ Here we have two function $\left(x^{3} \cos x\right)$ and $\left(2^{x} \tan x\right)$ We have two differentiate them sepa...
Read More →In tropical rain forests,
Question: In tropical rain forests, the canopy is thick and plants growing below receive filtered light. How are they able to carry out photosynthesis? Solution: In tropical rain forests, the canopy is thick and plants growing below receive it called sciophytes. In very low condition also they can undergo photosynthesis and have larger units....
Read More →Photosynthetic organisms occur at different depths in the ocean.
Question: Photosynthetic organisms occur at different depths in the ocean. Do they receive qualitatively and quantitatively the same light? How do they adapt to carry out photosynthesis under these conditions? Solution: They do not receive qualitatively and the quantitatively same light. Solar radiation is important in life. The photosynthetic pigments of these organisms show considerable variations. These pigments help these organisms even in low light conditions to perform photosynthesis....
Read More →If a green plant is kept in dark with proper ventilation,
Question: If a green plant is kept in dark with proper ventilation, can this plant carry out photosynthesis? Can anything be given as a supplement to maintain its growth or survival? Solution: When a plant is kept in the dark and ventilated correctly, carbon dioxide is still present. The plant can be supplied with an adequate amount of water to maintain its survival. However, due to lack of nutrients, the seed would eventually die....
Read More →Evaluate the following integrals:
Question: Evaluate the following integrals: $\int \frac{\operatorname{cosec} x}{\log \tan \frac{x}{2}} d x$ Solution: Assume $\log \left(\tan \frac{x}{2}\right)=\mathrm{t}$ $d\left(\log \left(\tan \frac{x}{2}\right)\right)=d t$ (use chain rule to differentiate) $\Rightarrow \frac{\sec ^{2} \frac{x}{2}}{\tan \frac{\frac{x}{2}}{2}} \mathrm{dx}=\mathrm{dt}$ $\Rightarrow \frac{1}{2 \sin \frac{x}{2} \cos \frac{x}{2}} d x=d t$ $\Rightarrow \operatorname{cosec} x d x=d t$ Put $\mathrm{t}$ and $\mathrm{...
Read More →How are photosynthesis and respiration
Question: How are photosynthesis and respiration related to each other? Solution: Carbon dioxide is an important raw material for photosynthesis and much of the carbon dioxide comes as a by-product of respiration. Respiration does not take place without photosynthesis....
Read More →Do reactions of photosynthesis called,
Question: Do reactions of photosynthesis called, as Dark Reaction needs light? Explain. Solution: The dark reaction occurs in full darkness but continues even during the day. Dark reaction, therefore, requires indirectly light but is not dependent on light....
Read More →Chlorophyll ‘a’ is the primary pigment for a light reaction.
Question: Chlorophyll a is the primary pigment for a light reaction. What are accessory pigments? What is their role in photosynthesis? Solution: Accessory pigments are known to support chlorophyll in the trapping of solar radiation. The accessory pigments are chlorophyll b, xanthophylls and carotenoids. They help collect and transfer solar radiation to chlorophyll a....
Read More →Succulents are known to keep their stomata closed
Question: Succulents are known to keep their stomata closed during the day to check transpiration. How do they meet their photosynthetic CO2 requirements? Solution: These plants have designed a special approach for ensuring the daily supply of carbon dioxide. These plants fix carbon dioxide at night in the form of malic acid....
Read More →Evaluate the following integrals:
Question: Evaluate the following integrals: $\int \frac{\sec x}{\log (\sec x+\tan x)} d x$ Solution: Assume $\log (\sec x+\tan x)=t$ $\mathrm{d}(\log (\sec x+\tan x))=\mathrm{dt}$ (use chain rule to differentiate first differentiate $\log (\sec x+\tan x)$ then $(\sec x+\tan x)$ $\Rightarrow \frac{\sec x \tan x+\sec ^{2} x}{\sec x+\tan x} d x=d t$ $\Rightarrow \frac{\sec x(\tan x+\sec x)}{\sec x+\tan x} d x=d t$ $\Rightarrow \sec x d x=d t$ Put $\mathrm{t}$ and $\mathrm{dt}$ in the given equation...
Read More →What is the basis for designating C3
Question: What is the basis for designating C3 and C4 pathways of photosynthesis? Solution: The number of carbon atoms in the end product is the basis for designating C3 and C4 pathways of photosynthesis....
Read More →Which products formed during the light reaction
Question: Which products formed during the light reaction of photosynthesis are used to drive the dark reaction? Solution: ATP NADPH are formed during the light reaction of photosynthesis....
Read More →ATPase enzyme consists of two parts.
Question: ATPase enzyme consists of two parts. What are those parts? How are they arranged in the thylakoid membrane? Conformational change occurs in which part of the enzyme? Solution: Two parts of the enzyme are ATPase: the head of F0 and the head of F1. The F0 head is towards the thylakoids inner side while F1 is towards the thylakoids outer side. In F1 part of the enzyme, the conformation changes....
Read More →Where is NADP reductase enzyme located
Question: Where is NADP reductase enzyme located in the chloroplast? What is the role of this enzyme in proton gradient development? Solution: NADP reductase enzyme is located on the outer side of the thylakoid membrane. It facilitates the breakdown of the proton gradient to release energy, i.e. NADPH....
Read More →Some of these terms/chemicals
Question: Some of these terms/chemicals are associated with the C4 cycle. Explain. a. Hatch slack pathway b. Calvin cycle c. PEP carboxylase d. Bundle sheath cells Solution: (a) In C4 plants the process is called the Hatch Slack Pathway, the glucose synthesis process. (b) Steps leading to the formation of carbohydrate following the division of the water molecule. This happens cyclically and is called the Calvin Cycle. (c) PEP carboxylase is an enzyme. It is present in mesophyll cells of C4 plant...
Read More →Differentiate:
Question: Differentiate: $(\tan x+\sec x)(\cot x+\operatorname{cosec} x)$ Solution: To find: Differentiation of $(\tan x+\sec x)(\cot x+\operatorname{cosec} x)$ Formula used: (i) (uv) $^{\prime}=u^{\prime} v+u v^{\prime}$ (Leibnitz or product rule) (ii) $\frac{d \tan x}{d x}=\sec ^{2} x$ (iii) $\frac{d \sec x}{d x}=\sec x \tan x$ (iv) $\frac{d \cot x}{d x}=-\operatorname{cosec}^{2} x$ (v) $\frac{d \operatorname{cosec} x}{d x}=-\operatorname{cosec} x \cot x$ Let us take $u=(\tan x+\sec x)$ and $v...
Read More →Evaluate the following integrals:
Question: Evaluate the following integrals: $\int \frac{\cos 4 x-\cos 2 x}{\sin 4 x-\sin 2 x} d x$ Solution: Assume $\sin 4 x-\sin 2 x=t$ $d(\sin 4 x-\sin 2 x)=d t$ $(\cos 4 x-\cos 2 x) d x=d t$ Put $t$ and dt in given equation we get $\Rightarrow \int \frac{\mathrm{d} t}{t}$ $=\ln |t|+c$ But $t=\sin 4 x-\sin 2 x$ $=\ln |\sin 4 x-\sin 2 x|+c$...
Read More →Does moonlight support photosynthesis?
Question: Does moonlight support photosynthesis? Solution: It does not support photosynthesis because they dont have enough energy to excite chlorophyll molecules....
Read More →3CO2 + 9ATP + 6NADPH + Water glyceraldehyde 3 – phosphate + 9 ADP + 6 NADP+ + 8 Pi
Question: 3CO2+ 9ATP + 6NADPH + Water glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate + 9 ADP + 6 NADP+ + 8 Pi Analyse the above reaction and answer the following questions: a. How many molecules of ATP NADPH are required to fix one molecule of CO2? b. Where in the chloroplast does this process occur? Solution: (a) 3 molecules of ATP are required for phosphorylation and 2 molecules of NADPH are required for reduction of carbon dioxide. (b) This reaction occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast....
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