Question:
How are the intracellular levels of ions maintained higher than extracellular levels in animal cells?
Solution:
Animal cells have ATP powered pumps like the Na+- K+ pump where 3Na+ is sent out in exchange of 2 K+ ions thus increasing the level of K+ ions in the intracellular
region. This is how via the pumps, ion concentration is maintained higher intracellularly than in the extracellular region.