Consider an extended object immersed in water contained

Consider an extended object immersed in water contained in a plane trough. When seen from close to the edge of the trough the object looks distorted because

(a) the apparent depth of the points close to the edge is nearer the surface of the water compared to the points away from the edge.

(b) the angle subtended by the image of the object at the eye is smaller than the actual angle subtended by the object in the air.

(c) some of the points of the object far away from the edge may not be visible because of total internal reflection.

(d) water in a trough acts as a lens and magnifies the object.