CBSE Class 12 Syllabus 2024-25 PDF Download

Unit-II: Solutions 

Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, Raoult's law, colligative properties - relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass, Van't Hoff factor

Unit-III: Electrochemistry

Redox reactions, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells, Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity, variations of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch's Law, electrolysis and law of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell-electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells, lead accumulator, fuel cells, corrosion.

Unit-IV: Chemical Kinetics

Rate of a reaction (Average and instantaneous), factors affecting rate of reaction: concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction, rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zero and first order reactions), concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment), activation energy, Arrhenius equation.

Unit-VIII:  D and F Block Elements  

General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first-row transition metals – metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation, preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.

• Lanthanoids – Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences. 

• Actinides - Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids. 

Unit-IX: Coordination Compounds 

Coordination compounds - Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds. Bonding, Werner's theory, VBT, and CFT; structure and stereoisomerism, the importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological system).

Unit-X: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes.

• Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C–X bond, physical and chemical properties, optical rotation mechanism of substitution reactions. 

• Haloarenes: Nature of C–X bond, substitution reactions (Directive influence of halogen in monosubstituted compounds only). Uses and environmental effects of - dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.

Unit-XI: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

• Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration, uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol. 

• Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols. 

• Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.

Unit-XII: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

• Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes, uses. 

• Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses.

Unit-XIII: Amines

• Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines. 

• Diazonium Salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

Unit-XIV: Biomolecules

• Carbohydrates - Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), D-L configuration oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen); Importance of carbohydrates.

• Proteins - Elementary idea of - amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, structure of proteins - primary, secondary, tertiary structure and quaternary structures (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes. Hormones - Elementary idea excluding structure.

• Vitamins - Classification and functions. 

• Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA.

CBSE Syllabus for Class 12 Biology

Unit-VI Reproduction

Chapter-2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Flower structure; development of male and female gametophytes; pollination - types, agencies and examples; out breeding devices; pollen-pistil interaction; double fertilization; post fertilization events - development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed and formation of fruit; special modes- apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed dispersal and fruit formation.

Chapter-3: Human Reproduction

Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis -spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; pregnancy and placenta formation (elementary idea); parturition (elementary idea); lactation (elementary idea).

Chapter-4: Reproductive Health

Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs); birth control - need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis; infertility and assisted reproductive technologies - IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness).

Unit-VII Genetics and Evolution

Chapter-5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation

Heredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance; deviations from Mendelism – incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy; elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; chromosome theory of inheritance; chromosomes and genes; Sex determination - in humans, birds and honey bee; linkage and crossing over; sex linked inheritance - haemophilia, colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans - thalassemia; chromosomal disorders in humans; Down's syndrome, Turner's and Klinefelter's syndromes.

Chapter-6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central Dogma; transcription, genetic code, translation; gene expression and regulation - lac operon; Genome, Human and rice genome projects; DNA fingerprinting.

Chapter-7: Evolution

Origin of life; biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidences); Darwin's contribution, modern synthetic theory of evolution; mechanism of evolution - variation (mutation and recombination) and natural selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy - Weinberg's principle; adaptive radiation; human evolution.

Unit-VIII Biology and Human Welfare

Chapter-8: Human Health and Diseases

Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (malaria, dengue, chikungunya, filariasis, ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm) and their control; Basic concepts of immunology - vaccines; cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence - drug and alcohol abuse.

Chapter-10: Microbes in Human Welfare

Microbes in food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and microbes as bio-control agents and bio-fertilizers. Antibiotics; production and judicioususe.

Unit-IX Biotechnology and its Applications

Chapter-11: Biotechnology - Principles and Processes

Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology).

Chapter-12: Biotechnology and its Applications

Application of biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, stem cell technology, gene therapy; genetically modified organisms - Bt crops; transgenic animals; biosafety issues, biopiracy and patents.

Unit-X Ecology and Environment

Chapter-13: Organisms and Populations

Population interactions - mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; population attributes - growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution. (Topics excluded: Organism and its Environment, Major Aboitic Factors, Responses to Abioitic Factors, Adaptations)

Chapter-14: Ecosystem

Ecosystems: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of number, biomass, energy (Topics excluded: Ecological Succession and Nutrient Cycles).

Chapter-15: Biodiversity and its Conservation

Biodiversity-Concept, patterns, importance; loss of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation; hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, Sacred Groves, biosphere reserves, national parks, wildlife, sanctuaries and Ramsar sites.

CBSE Syllabus for Class 12 English

Section A

Reading Skills

Reading Comprehension through Unseen Passage - 20 Marks

1. There will be one unseen passage to assess comprehension, interpretation and inference. Vocabulary and inference of meaning will also be determined. The passage may be factual, descriptive or literary and the,arks for this will be 10x1=10 Marks

2. One unseen case-based passage with verbal/visual inputs like statistical data, charts etc for 10x1=10 Marks

Section B

3. Creative Writing Skills - 20 Marks

The parthas Short and Long writing tasks.

1. Notice up to 50 words. One out of the two given questions is to be answered.  (5 Marks: Format: 1 / Organisation of Ideas: 1/Content: 2 / Accuracy of Spelling and Grammar: 1 ).

2. Formal/Informal Invitation and Reply up to 50 words. One out of the two given questions to be answered. (5 Marks: Format: 1 / Organisation of Ideas: 1/Content: 2 / Accuracy of Spelling and Grammar :1 ).

3. Letters based on verbal/visual input, to be answered in approximately 120-150 words. Letter types include an application for a job with bio-data or a resume. Letters to the editor (giving suggestions or opinions on issues of public interest). One out of the two given questions is to be answered. (5 Marks: Format: 1 / Organisation of Ideas: 1/Content: 2 / Accuracy of Spelling and Grammar :1 ).

4. Article/ Report Writing, descriptive and analytical in nature, based on verbal inputs, to be answered in 120-150 words. One out of the two given questions to be. (5 Marks: Format: 1 / Organisation of Ideas: 1/Content: 2 / Accuracy of Spelling and Grammar:1).

Section C

This section will have a variety of assessment items including Multiple Choice Questions, Objective Type Questions, Short Answer Type Questions and Long Answer Type Questions to assess comprehension, analysis, interpretation and extrapolation beyond the text.

4. Reference to the Context (40 Marks)

1. One Poetry extracts out of two from the book Flamingo to assess comprehension, interpretation, analysis and appreciation. (6x1=6 Marks)

2. One Prose extract out of two from the book Vistas to assess comprehension, interpretation, analysis and appreciation. (4x1=4 Marks)

3. One prose extracts out of two from the book Flamingo to assess comprehension, interpretation and analysis. (6x1=6 Marks)

5. Short answer type question (from Prose and Poetry from the book Flamingo), to be answered in 40-50 words. Questions should elicit inferential responses through critical thinking. Five questions out of the six given are to be answered. (5x2=10 Marks)

1. Short answer type question, from Prose (Vistas), to be answered in 40- 50 words. Questions should elicit inferential responses through critical thinking. Any 2 out of 3 questions to be done. (2x2=4 Marks)

2. One Long answer type question, from Prose/Poetry (Flamingo), to be answered in 120-150 words. Questions can be based on incident/theme/passage/extract/event as reference points to assess extrapolation beyond and across the text. The question will elicit an analytical and evaluative response from students. Any 1 out of 2 questions to be done. (1x5=5 Marks)

3. One Long answer type question, based on the chapters from the book Vistas, to be answered in 120-150 words to assess global comprehension and extrapolation beyond the text. Questions to provide evaluative and analytical responses using incidents, events, and themes as reference points. Any 1 out of 2 questions to be done. (1x5=5 Marks)

INTERNAL ASSESSMENT

Assessment of Listening Skills - 05 marks.

Assessment of Speaking Skills – 05 Marks

Project Work - 10 Marks

CBSE Class 12 English Syllabus: Prescribed Books

1. Flamingo: English Reader published by National Council of Education Research and Training, New Delhi 

Prose

• The Last Lesson

• Lost Spring

• Deep Water

• The Rattrap

• Indigo

• Poets and Pancakes

• The Interview

• Going Places

Poetry

• My Mother at Sixty-Six

• Keeping Quiet

• A Thing of Beauty

• A Roadside Stand

• Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers

2. Vistas: Supplementary Reader published by National Council of Education Research and Training, New Delhi

• The Third Level

• The Tiger King

• Journey to the end of the Earth

• The Enemy

• On the Face of It

• Memories of Childhood

○ The Cutting of My Long Hair

○ We Too Are Human Beings

Benefits of Completing the CBSE Syllabus before the exam

Let’s see what these useful tips are.

• Take a look at your CBSE subjects and make a study plan

Without a study plan, completing the syllabus is a tough job. Take a look at your subjects one by one and make a timetable. Start from your morning and include every detail in it. Make a list of your strong and weak points and work on them properly. As you are starting to work on completing your syllabus much before your exams, then you have the time to analyse it. Stick this timetable in front of your study desk, which will remind you to complete your syllabus.

• Start with the subject you like the most

The majority of students start with the subject they fear and find difficult, and in return, it does not give fruitful results to them. Starting from the subjects you fear creates a sense of detachment from your study that simply delays your learning process. Hence, mentioning your strong and weak points in the timetable is a must. Along with this, start with the subject you like the most, as it will motivate you to do more. The subject you are already familiar with will be completed on time, and you will get enough time to revise.

• Write what you have learned

Writing is one of the most underrated exercises that help students to retain information for a longer duration. Pick one lesson, understand the concepts clearly and then write down the important pointers from it. Writing this will act as your flash card during your exam preparation and will retain your information precisely. Develop this habit of writing short notes in your diary and use it accordingly.

• Make your own questions

It is interconnected with the third tip. When you complete your lesson, try to form your own questions from it. As of now, exams are offline, and you need to develop the habit of writing your answers quickly to complete your paper on time. It will help you with completing the syllabus on time and developing the habit of writing the answers quickly. When you will prepare your own set of questions, then you will be familiar with the particular topic.

• Go through old papers and class notes

When a teacher teaches you a particular topic in class, try to make notes of it as there is a 90% chance that this could be your question in the exam. Go through last year's question papers as it will help you find a pattern as to what type of questions are asked and you will be able to divide which lesson holds more percentage of scoring high marks.

• Time Management is really important

Try to manage your time with different time management techniques and follow the timetable accordingly. Assign yourself a strategy to complete a particular chapter in an hour and try to follow that. Don’t forget to reward yourself after doing it as it will self-motivate you.

• Take guidance from a personal home tutor

Guidance is a must to complete your syllabus. Hire a professional home tutor that can assist you to track your progress, make you understand your concepts, clear your doubts, and help to complete your CBSE syllabus on time.